It’s no secret that cannabis is known for its diverse effects and holistic health benefits. So, what is it about this plant’s composition that contributes to its therapeutic properties? While much focus has been placed on cannabinoids like THC and CBD, there is another group of compounds in cannabis that play a crucial role in its aroma, flavor and potential therapeutic effects: terpenes.
Terpenes are organic compounds found in various plants, including cannabis, fruits and herbs. These aromatic molecules are responsible for the distinctive scents and tastes found in numerous cannabis strains. Beyond their sensory appeal, terpenes have been found to interact with cannabinoids — shaping the overall experience and potentially enhancing the therapeutic benefits of cannabis consumption.
It is estimated that there are over 200 distinct terpenes detected in cannabis, each contributing to the plant's particular scent, flavor and effects. Understanding these terpenes and how they work can help provide cannabis users with a tailored consumption experience, including targeted therapeutic applications.
Seven Types of Terpenes Commonly Found in Cannabis
- Myrcene
Prevalence: Myrcene is one of the most abundant terpenes in cannabis and is sometimes referred to as the “Mother of all Terpenes.”
Aroma: Its scent can be described as earthy or musky with subtle hints of cloves and spices.
Effects: Myrcene is known for its potential sedative properties, contributing to the relaxing effects often associated with indica strains. Additionally, it exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, which may make it beneficial for pain management and muscle relaxation.
- Limonene
Prevalence: Limonene is a widely found terpene in various cannabis strains and is known for its trademark citrusy scent.
Aroma: Its aroma is reminiscent of citrus fruits, with bright and uplifting notes such as mint.
Effects: Limonene is believed to have mood-enhancing properties, promoting feelings of happiness and potentially aiding in stress and anxiety reduction. It may also have digestive benefits and exhibit some antibacterial properties.
- Pinene
Prevalence: Pinene is commonly present in different cannabis cultivars.
Aroma: Its scent evokes the aroma of pine trees, with earthy and woody undertones.
Effects: Pinene is known for its potential cognitive-enhancing properties, improving focus, alertness and memory retention. It also acts as a bronchodilator, aiding in the improvement of airflow to the lungs. A doctor may recommend pinene for treating inflammatory diseases such as fibromyalgia or arthritis as it is an effective ingredient commonly found in topical ointments.
- Linalool
Prevalence: Linalool is found in varying concentrations in certain cannabis strains.
Aroma: It offers a floral, lavender-like aroma with a hint of spiciness and citrus.
Effects: Linalool is associated with calming and relaxing effects, making it potentially beneficial for relieving stress, managing anxiety and promoting better sleep. It may also possess analgesic properties that can aid in pain relief.
- Caryophyllene
Prevalence: Caryophyllene (also known as beta-caryophyllene or BCP) is abundant in cannabis and found in various spices, including rosemary and cloves.
Aroma: It carries a spicy, peppery scent reminiscent of black pepper.
Effects: Unlike other terpenes, caryophyllene interacts with the body's endocannabinoid system — binding to the CB2 receptors commonly found in our peripheral organs. This interaction gives it potential anti-inflammatory properties, making it valuable for pain management. It may also have positive effects on gastrointestinal health.
- Humulene
Prevalence: Humulene is found in varying concentrations in some cannabis strains.
Aroma: Its aroma is earthy, woody and herbal.
Effects: Humulene exhibits anti-inflammatory properties and may act as an appetite suppressant. It may also potentially be beneficial for relieving pain, easing seasonal allergies and boosting energy.
- Terpinolene
Prevalence: Terpinolene is found in smaller quantities in cannabis and may be considered the least common terpene.
Aroma: It offers a fresh, herbal and slightly floral scent.
Effects: Terpinolene possesses sedative properties, contributing to the relaxing effects observed in certain cannabis strains. It also exhibits antioxidant properties and shows potential antibacterial and antifungal effects.
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